A Vast Array of Over 3,300 Brain Cell Types Discovered: A Move Towards Understanding Human Brain Disorders and Uniqueness

In groundbreaking research, scientists have uncovered more than 3,300 types of cells in the human brain, a substantial increase from previously known data. These latest findings create a comprehensive atlas of our brain and might hold the key to understanding the cellular foundation of neurological disorders and their eventual therapeutics.

By comparing human brains with those of primates such as chimpanzees, gorillas, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets, scientists revealed distinct differences, offering clues on the unique attributes that create the complex human brain. This comparative study could lend an understanding of the intrinsic cellular diversity and the specific brain functions achieved by this broad spectrum.

The study, funded by the US government’s National Institutes of Health Brain Initiative Cell Census Network consortium, debunked the earlier belief that the complex human traits originate from the neocortex. Instead, these unique traits emerge from older parts of the brain, namely the midbrain and hindbrain.

This extensive research also discovered gene switches and brain cell types linked to a bevy of brain-related ailments including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — conditions that are notoriously difficult to prevent and cure. The scientists also linked certain types of brain neurons to schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness.

Exploring human-specific features, the study compared humans with our closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, and gorillas. They found accelerated neural specialisations in humans, possibly contributing to distinct cognitive abilities that set us apart from these primates.

Neuroscientists anticipate a lengthy journey ahead to unravel the full complexity, diversity, and function of the human brain. However, the comprehensive brain cell atlas is a substantial leap forward, providing essential insights into unique human abilities and complex brain disorders.